Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
ɕ
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The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative is a sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɕ⟩. It is not in English, but is similar to the sh sound, as in shape.

Characteristics

  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
    • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is postalveolar. This means that the tongue touches the top of the mouth in the place behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
    • Its tongue shape is laminal. This means that the tongue blade touches the top of the mouth.
    • It is palatalized. This means that the middle of the tongue is curved and raised towards the hard palate.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
  • It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.

Examples

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheщы / śy / ش‍ہ‍[ɕɘ]ⓘ'three'
Assameseব্ৰিটিছ / British[bɹitiɕ]'British'
Asturianxarda[ˈɕäɾðɐ]ⓘ'mackerel'May be realised as [ʃj], [ɕj], [ɕ] or [ʃ], depending on context and speaker.
Burmeseရှ / hyạ[ɕa̰]'to abrade; to cut superficially'See Burmese phonology.
Catalan[1]reixa[ˈre(j)ɕə]ⓘ'grille'See Catalan phonology.
ChineseSome Hokkien dialects心 / sim[ɕím]'heart'Allophone of /s/ before /i/.
Mandarin西安 / Xī'ān[ɕí.án]ⓘ'Xi'an'Complementary distribution allophone of /ʂ/ in front of high front vowels and palatal glides. See Mandarin phonology.
Chuvashçиçĕм / cicĕm[ˈɕiɕ̬əm]'lightning'Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. Lenis when intervocalic.
Danishsjæl[ˈɕeːˀl]'soul'See Danish phonology.
DutchSome speakerssjabloon[ɕäˈbloːn]'template'May be [ʃ] or [sʲ] instead. See Dutch phonology.
EnglishCardiff[2]human[ˈɕumːən]'human'Phonetic realization of /hj/. More front and more strongly fricated than RP [ç]. Broad varieties drop the /h/: [ˈjumːən].[2] See English phonology.
Conservative Received Pronunciation[3]tuesday[ˈt̺ʲɕuːzdeɪ]'Tuesday'Allophone of /j/ after syllable-initial /t/ (which is alveolar in this sequence), may be only partially devoiced. /tj/ is often realized as an affricate [tʃ] in British English. Mute in General American: [ˈt̺ʰuːzdeɪ]ⓘ.[4][5] Typically transcribed with ⟨j⟩ in broad IPA. See English phonology, yod-coalescence and yod-dropping.
Some Canadian English[3][5]
Ghanaian[6]ship[ɕip]'ship'Educated speakers may use [ʃ], to which this phone corresponds in other dialects.[6]
Some speakers sure [ɕɔː] 'sure'
GuaraniParaguayanche[ɕɛ]'I'
Japanese[7]塩 / shio[ɕi.o]'salt'See Japanese phonology.
Kabardianщэ / śə / صە[ɕɐ]ⓘ'hundred'
KarenEastern Pwoယှး[ɕá]'star'
Western Pwoၡၪ[ɕà]'star'
Kazakhшіркін / şırkın / شىركىن[ɕɘ̆r̥kʰɘ́n]'wretch'Often transcribed as /ʃ/. See Kazakh phonology.
KoreanSouth 시 / si [ɕʰi] 'poem' Allophone of /sʰ/ before /i/ and /j/. See Korean phonology.
Kyrgyzшайтан / shaitan / شايتان[ɕɑ̀ɪ̯t̪ʰɑn]'Satan'Often transcribed as /ʃ/. See Kyrgyz phonology.
Lower Sorbian[8]pśijaśel[ˈpɕijäɕɛl]'friend'
Luxembourgish[9]liicht[liːɕt]ⓘ'light'Allophone of /χ/ after phonologically front vowels; some speakers merge it with [ʃ].[9] See Luxembourgish phonology.
Marathiशेतकरी / śetakrī[ɕe̞t̪ːkəɾi]ⓘ'farmer'Contrasts with /ʂ/. Allophone of /ʃ/. See Marathi phonology.
Malayalamകുരിശ് / kuriśŭ[kuriɕɨ]ⓘ'Cross'See Malayalam phonology.
NorwegianUrban East[10]kjekk[ɕe̞kː]'handsome'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ç⟩; less often realized as palatal [ç]. Younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with /ʂ/.[10] See Norwegian phonology.
Polish[11]śruba[ˈɕrubä]ⓘ'screw'Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. See Polish phonology.
RomaniKalderash[12]ćhavo[ɕaˈvo]'Romani boy; son'Realized as [t͡ʃʰ] in conservative dialects.
RomanianTransylvanian dialects[13]ce[ɕɛ]'what'Realized as [t͡ʃ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology.
Russianсчастье / sčastje[ˈɕːæsʲtʲjə]ⓘ'happiness'Also represented by ⟨щ⟩. Contrasts with /ʂ/, /s/, and /sʲ/. See Russian phonology.
Sema[14]ashi[à̠ɕì]'meat'Possible allophone of /ʃ/ before /i, e/.[14]
Serbo-CroatianCroatian[15]miš će[mîɕ t͡ɕe̞]'the mouse will'Allophone of /ʃ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.[15] See Serbo-Croatian phonology.
Some speakers of Montenegrinс́утра / śutra[ɕût̪ra̠]'tomorrow'Phonemically /sj/ or, in some cases, /s/.
SwedishFinlandsjok[ɕuːk]'chunk'Allophone of /ɧ/.
Swedenkjol[ɕuːl]ⓘ'skirt'See Swedish phonology.
TibetanLhasa dialectབཞི་ / bzhi[ɕi˨˧]'four'Contrasts with /ʂ/.
Tatarөчпочмак / öçpoçmaq / ئۇچپۇچماق[ˌø̞̆ɕpɤ̹̆ɕˈmɑq]'triangle'
Uzbek[16]yoʻldosh / йўлдош‍ / یۉلداش[jɵlˈd̪ɒ̽ɕ]'satellite'Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Uzbek phonology.
XumiLower[17][d͡ʑi ɕɐ˦]'one hundred'
Upper[18]
Yámana (Yahgan)šúša[ɕúɕa]'penguin'
Yiꑟ / xi[ɕi˧]'thread'
Zhuang cib [ɕǐp] 'ten'

References

  1. ↑ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)
  2. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 90.
  3. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference english was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  4. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 173, 306.
  5. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference canadianenglish was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  6. 1 2 Huber (2004:859)
  7. ↑ Okada (1999:117)
  8. ↑ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
  9. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  10. 1 2 Kristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
  11. ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
  12. ↑ Boretzky & Igla (1994:XVI–XVII)
  13. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  14. 1 2 Teo (2012:368)
  15. 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:68)
  16. ↑ Sjoberg (1963:11)
  17. ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
  18. ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
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