Open-mid back unrounded vowel

Open-mid back unrounded vowel
ʌ
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The open-mid back unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is usually written as u, as in cut.

Characteristics

  • The vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is made with a open vowel (low vowel) and a mid vowel together.
  • The vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned in the back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Examples

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Ajië[1] kë [kʌˀ] 'pot' Distinct from /ə/
Catalan Solsonès[2] tarda [ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː] 'afternoon' Realization of final unstressed /ə/
Danish slot [ˈslʌt] 'castle' Usually transcribed as /ɒ/ but more mid-centralized [ɒ̽].
Emilian most Emilian dialects[3] Bulåggna [buˈlʌɲːɐ] 'Bologna' It corresponds to a sound between /ɔ/ to /ä/; written ò in some spellings
EnglishCape Town[4]lot[lʌt]'lot'It corresponds to a weakly rounded [ɒ̈] in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology
Natal[4]
Cardiff[5]thought[θʌːt]'thought'For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology
General South African[6]no[nʌː]'no'May be a diphthong [ʌʊ̯] instead.[7] See South African English phonology
General American[8]gut[ɡʌt]ⓘ'gut'In some dialects, fronted to [ɜ], or fronted and lowered to [ɐ]. In Standard Southern British English, [ʌ] is increasingly heard in place of [ɐ] to avoid the trap–strut merger.[9] See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Inland Northern American[10]
Multicultural London[11]
Newfoundland[12]
Northern East Anglian[13]
Philadelphia[14]
Scottish[15]
Some Estuary English speakers[16]
Some Standard Southern British speakers[9]
FrenchPicardy[17]alors[aˈlʌʀ̥]'so'Corresponding to /ɔ/ in standard French.
GermanChemnitz dialect[18]machen[ˈmʌχɴ̩]'to do'Allophone of /ʌ, ʌː/ (which phonetically are central [ɜ, ɜː])[19] before and after /ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ/. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before /χ, ʁ/.[20]
Haida[21]ḵwaáay[qʷʰʌʔáːj]'the rock'Allophone of /a/ (sometimes also /aː/) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.[22]
IrishUlster dialect[23]ola[ʌl̪ˠə]'oil'See Irish phonology
Kaingang[24][ˈɾʌ]'mark'Varies between back [ʌ] and central [ɜ].[25]
Kashmiri از [ʌz] 'today' Allophone of [ɐ]. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety.
Kensiu[26][hʌʎ]'stream'
Korean[27]너 / neo[nʌ̹]'you'See Korean phonology
LillooetRetracted counterpart of /ə/.
Mah Meri[28]Allophone of /ə/; can be mid central [ə] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead.[28]
Nepaliअसल/asal[ʌsʌl]'good'See Nepali phonology
NorwegianSolør[29]fäss[fʌs]'waterfall'In traditional dialect transcriptions, this vowel is written consequently as ⟨ä⟩, and has existed as a separate vowel in addition to ⟨æ⟩, [æ]. This is because ⟨ä⟩ has evolved from an unrounding of short ⟨o⟩. ⟨ä⟩ has morphed to [æ] with younger speakers.
OssetianDigorмайрӕнбон / majrænbon[majrʌnbon]'Friday'Common sound in the Digor dialect. In the Iron dialect, this sound is replaced by a near-open central vowel.
PortugueseGreater Lisbon area[30]leite[ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞]'milk'Allophone of /ɐ/ before /i/ (forming a phonetic diphthong [ʌj]). Corresponds to [e] in other accents.[30] See Portuguese phonology
RussianStandard Saint Petersburg[31]голова/golová[ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä]'head'Corresponds to [ɐ] in standard Moscow pronunciation;[31] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Scottish GaelicBarra[32]duine[ˈt̪ɯɲʌ]'person'Dialectal allophone of [ə] in word-final position.
Tamil[33]Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence /am/, may be [õ] or [ã] instead.[33] See Tamil phonology
Xavante[34] [jʌm] 'seed' The nasal version [ʌ̃] also occurs.[34]

Before World War II, the /ʌ/ of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel [ʌ], which has since shifted forward towards [ɐ] (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel [ʌ̟] between his central /ə/ and back /ɔ/; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal [a].[35] In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme /ʌ/ is an open-mid central [ɜ].[36][37] Truly backed variants of /ʌ/ that are phonetically [ʌ] can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some of African-American English, and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.[38][39] However, the letter ⟨ʌ⟩ is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants [ɐ] or [ɜ]. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.[40]

References

  1. ↑ Zetterberg, William. "So close and yet so different: Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages | Lund University". Lund University. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  2. ↑ "Anàlisi dialectològica d'uns parlars del Solsonès". prezi.com. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  3. ↑ "Scrîver al bulgnaiṡ cum và". bulgnais.com (in Emilian). Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  4. 1 2 Lass (2002), p. 115.
  5. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  6. ↑ Wells (1982), pp. 614, 621.
  7. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 614.
  8. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 485.
  9. 1 2 Cruttenden (2014), p. 122.
  10. ↑ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
  11. ↑ Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
  12. ↑ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 61–63.
  13. ↑ Trudgill (2004), p. 167.
  14. ↑ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 73–74.
  15. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  16. ↑ Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
  17. ↑ "Picardie : phonétique". Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  18. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), pp. 235, 238.
  19. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  20. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 238.
  21. ↑ Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33.
  22. ↑ Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33, 36.
  23. ↑ Ní Chasaide (1999), pp. 114–115.
  24. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  25. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  26. ↑ Bishop (1996), p. 230.
  27. ↑ Lee (1999).
  28. 1 2 Kruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 245.
  29. ↑ Borg (1987), p. 10.
  30. 1 2 Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–2.
  31. 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
  32. ↑ Borgstrøm (1937), p. 76.
  33. 1 2 Keane (2004), p. 114.
  34. 1 2 Nikulin & Carvalho (2019), p. 263.
  35. ↑ Jones (1972), pp. 86–88.
  36. ↑ Gordon (2004b), p. 340.
  37. ↑ Tillery & Bailey (2004), p. 333.
  38. ↑ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 112–115, 121, 134, 174.
  39. ↑ Gordon (2004a), pp. 294–296.
  40. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 135.
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