Voiceless alveolar fricative

Dental Interdental Alveolar Postalveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato­alveolar Alveolo­palatal
Sibilant s̪ s̪͆ s s̠ ʂ ʃ ɕ
Non-Sibilant θ θ̪͆ ɹ̝̊ ɻ̊˔ ɹ̠̊˔

In phonetics, voiceless alveolar fricatives are types of consonantal sounds.

Sibilant

Voiceless alveolar sibilant fricative
s
IPA Number132
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)s
Unicode (hex)U+0073
X-SAMPAs

The voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨s⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨s⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 's' in sun and sorry.

Features

  • The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

Examples

LanguageWordIPAMeaning
Adygheсэ/sė[sa]'I'
ArabicModern Standard[1]جَلَسَ/ǧalasa[ˈdʒælæsɐ]'to sit'
Assyrianܣܝܦܐ sèpa[seːpaː]'sword'
Bengaliরাস্তা[raːst̪a]'street'
Burmeseစစားဗျီ/ca carr bhye[sə sá bjì]'I am eating now'
ChineseCantonese閃 / sim2[siːm˧˥]'twinkle'
DutchBelgian Standard[2]staan[staːn]'to stand'
Emilian and Romagnolsèl[ˈs̺ʲɛːl]'salt'
Estoniansõna[ˈsɤnɑ]'word'
Englishsit[sɪt]'sit'
EsperantoEsperanto[espeˈranto]'Who hopes'
Faroesesandur[sandʊɹ]'sand'
Georgian[3]სამი/sami[ˈsɑmi]'three'
Hebrewספר/sefer[ˈsefeʁ]'book'
Hindustaniसाल / سال[saːl]'year'
Japanese[4]複数形 / fukusūkē[ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː]'plural'
Kabardianсэ/sė[sa]'I'
Khmerអេស្ប៉ាញ / éspanh[ʔeːpaːɲ]noun: 'Spain'
adjective: 'Spanish'
Korean섬 / seom[sʌːm]'island'
Malaysatu[satu]'one'
Malteseiebes[eaˈbes]'hard'
Marathiसाप[saːp]'snake'
Nepali सगरमाथा [sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä] 'Mount Everest'
Odiaସମାନ[sɔmänɔ]'equal'
OccitanLimousinmaichent[mejˈsẽ]'bad'
Persianسیب / sib[sib]'apple'
Portuguese[5]caço[ˈkasu]'I hunt'
Punjabiਸੱਪ/sapp[səpː]'snake'
Spanish[6]Latin Americansaltador[s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r]'jumper'
Canarian
Andalusian
Filipino
SwahiliKiswahili[kiswaˈhili]'Swahili'
Sylhetiꠢꠂꠍꠦ/oise[ɔise]'done'
Vietnamese[7]xa[saː˧]'far'
Yiꌦ sy[sɻ̩˧]'die'

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
t̞
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPAt_o

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a sound used in some spoken languages. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨t̞⟩. It is in Australian, Irish, New Zealand, Scouse, and RP dialects of English.

Characteristics

  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • The place of articulation is non-sibilant, also known as slit, which means it doesn't produce hissing.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
  • It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

Examples

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EmilianBolognese[8]zidrån[θ̠iˈdrʌn]'lemon'
EnglishAustralian[9][10]mat[ˈmæt̞]'mat'Rare allophone of /t/.[9] See Australian English phonology
Irish[11]Italy[ˈɪt̞ɪli]'Italy'Common allophone of /t/. See Hiberno-English § Phonology
New Zealand[12]batter[ˈbɛt̞ə]'batter'One of many allophones of intervocalic /t/; may also be preaspirated. See New Zealand English phonology
Scouse[13][14]fit[ˈfɪθ͇]'fit'Common allophone of /t/. See Scouse § Phonology
Received Pronunciation[15]potato[pə̥ˈtʰɛɪ̯t̞ɜʉ̯]ⓘ'potato'Common allophone of intervocalic /t/.[15] See Received Pronunciation § Phonology
Icelandic[16][17]þú[θ̠uː]ⓘ'you' (≡ thou)Laminal.[16][17] Variably removed from the front teeth, up to (nearly) spot on [θ].[18] May be affricated word initially.[19] See Icelandic phonology

Notes

  1. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  2. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  3. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  4. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  5. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  6. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
  7. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  8. ↑ Canepari (1992), p. 72.
  9. 1 2 Loakes & McDougall (2007), pp. 1445–1448.
  10. ↑ Jones & McDougall (2009).
  11. ↑ Hickey (1984), pp. 234–235.
  12. ↑ Fiasson (2016).
  13. ↑ Marotta & Barth (2005), p. 385.
  14. ↑ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
  15. 1 2 Buizza (2011), pp. 16–28.
  16. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference Pétursson was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  17. 1 2 Grønnum (2005), p. 139.
  18. ↑ Rögnvaldsson (2017), p. 36.
  19. ↑ Haugen (1958).

References

  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232

List of languages with [s] on PHOIBLE

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