Voiced labiodental nasal
| Voiced labiodental nasal | |||
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| ɱ | |||
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| X-SAMPA | F | ||
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The voiced labiodental nasal is a sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɱ⟩. It is only phonemic in one language: Kukuya. It is a very common way to say /m/ before /f/ or /v/ in many languages, as in English symphony.
Characteristics
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is labiodental. This means that this sound is produced with the lower lips and the upper teeth.
- It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.
Examples
Phonemic /ɱ/ is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before [f] or [v], however, [ɱ] is very common.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Hejazi | قُرُنْفُل gurunful | [gʊrʊɱfʊl] | 'clove' | See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Catalan | limfa | [ˈɫiɱfə] | 'lymph' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Czech | tramvaj | ⓘ | 'tram' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | symfoni | [syɱfoˈniˀ] | 'symphony' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[1][2] | omvallen | ⓘ | 'to fall over' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | symphony | ⓘ | 'symphony' | Allophone of /m/ before /f/ and /v/ See English phonology. | |
| Finnish | kamferi | [ˈkɑɱfe̞ri] | 'camphor' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | fünf | [fʏɱf] | 'five' | See German phonology | |
| Greek[3] | έμβρυο émvryo | [ˈe̞ɱvrio̞] | 'embryo' | Learned or careful pronunciation. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | סימפוניה simfonya | [siɱˈfonja] | 'symphony' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian | államfő | ⓘ | 'head of state' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | konflik | [ˈkɔɱflɪk̚] | 'conflict' | Allophone of /n/ before /f/. | |
| Italian[4] | invece | ⓘ | 'instead' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kukuya[5] | [ɱíì] | 'eyes' | Phonemic, distinguishes /m/ and /ɱ/. | ||
| Macedonian | трамвај tramvaj | [traɱˈvaj] | 'tram' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | komfyr | [kɔɱˈfyːɾ] | 'stove' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish | symfonia | ⓘ | 'symphony' | See Polish phonology | |
| Romanian | învăța | [ɨɱvəˈt͡sä] | 'to learn' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | амфора amfora | ['aɱfərə] | 'amphora' | See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[6] | трамвај / tramvaj | [trǎɱʋäj] | 'tram' | Allophone of /m/ and /n/ before /f/ and /ʋ/.[6] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovene[7] | simfonija | [siɱfoˈníːjà] | 'symphony' | Allophone of /m/ and /n/ before /f/ and /ʋ/.[7] | |
| Spanish[8] | desinflar | ⓘ | 'to deflate' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | framför | ⓘ | 'in front of', 'performs' | See Swedish phonology | |
| West Frisian | ûnwis | [uːɱ'ʋɪs] | 'unsure' | Allophone of /n/ before labiodental sounds. | |
| Yuanmen | [ɱoː⁶] | 'wear (a hat)' | Was briefly phonemic before merging with /m/.[9] | ||
References
- ↑ Kooij & Van Oostendorp (2003:9)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ↑ Newton (1972:10)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:118)
- ↑ Paulian (1975:41)
- 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:67)
- 1 2 Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ↑ Norquest (2007:107)
External links
List of languages with [ɱ] on PHOIBLE
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