Close-mid central unrounded vowel

Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
ë
Audio sample
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Encoding
X-SAMPA@\

The close-mid central unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in the Cardiff dialect of English.[1]

Characteristics

Examples

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Chuvashпӗррехинче[pɘrrɛχint͡ɕɛ]'once'
Cotabato Manobo[2]May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
DinkaLuanyjang[3]ŋeŋ[ŋɘ́ŋ]'jawbone'Short allophone of /e/.[3]
EnglishAustralian[4][5]bird[bɘːd]'bird'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. Optionally rounded. See Australian English phonology
Cardiff[6]foot[fɘt]'foot'Less often rounded [ɵ];[7] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[8]bit[bɘt]'bit'Merger of /ə/ and /ɪ/ found in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
Southern American[9]nut[nɘt]'nut'Some dialects.[9] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Estonian[10]kõrv[kɘrv]'ear'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[10] See Estonian phonology
IrishMunster[11]sáile[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]'salt water'Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[11] See Irish phonology
Jebero[12]ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[13]me [ˈᵐbɘ]'tail'Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[14]
Kalagan Kaagan[15][miˈwə̝ːʔ]'lost'Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[15]
Katë[16]Katë[kaˈt̪ɘ]'Katë'Can also be realized as /ɨ/.
Kensiu[17][ɟɚ̝h]'to trim'Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[17]
Kera[18][t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠]'fire'Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[18]
Korean[19]어른/eoreun[ə̝ːɾɯ̽n]'adult'May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. See Korean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji dil/دل [dɘl] 'heart' Allophone of /ɪ/. Sorani alphabet does not transcribe this vowel phoneme in text.
Sorani
Lizu[20][Fkə̝]'eagle'Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[20]
Mapudungun[21]elün[ë̝ˈlɘn]'to give (something)'
Mongolian[22]үсэр[usɘɾɘ̆]'jump'
Mono[23]dœ[də̝]'be (equative)'May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[23]
Polish[24]mysz[mɘ̟ʂ]ⓘ'mouse'Somewhat fronted;[24] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology
RomanianMoldavian dialect[25]casă[ˈkäsɘ]'house'Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Scottish GaelicHarrisbhuaipe[ˈvuɘhpə]'from her'Allophone of /e/ in the diphthong /ue/, which in other dialects is /uə/ or /uæ/. May be closer as [ɨ̞].
Uist
Shiwiar[26]
Temne[27]pər[pə̝́r]'incite'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[27]
Vietnamese[28]vợ[vɘ˨˩ˀ]'wife'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology
XumiUpper[29][LPmɘ̃dɐ]'upstairs'Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[29] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[30]
ZapotecTilquiapan[31]ne[nɘ]'and'Most common realization of /e/.[31]

References

  1. ↑ See Cardiff English.
  2. ↑ Kerr (1988:110)
  3. 1 2 Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
  4. ↑ Cox (2006:?)
  5. ↑ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
  6. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:93)
  7. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  8. ↑ Bauer et al. (2007)
  9. 1 2 Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
  10. 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
  11. 1 2 Ó Sé (2000)
  12. ↑ Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
  13. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  14. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
  15. 1 2 Wendel & Wendel (1978:198)
  16. ↑ Halfmann, Jakob (2024). A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Köln: Universität zu Köln.
  17. 1 2 Bishop (1996:230)
  18. 1 2 Pearce (2011:251)
  19. ↑ Lee (1999:121)
  20. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
  21. ↑ Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
  22. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  23. 1 2 Olson (2004:235)
  24. 1 2 Jassem (2003:105) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨ⟩ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to [ɨ].
  25. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  26. ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  27. 1 2 Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
  28. ↑ Hoang (1965:24)
  29. 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
  30. ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
  31. 1 2 Merrill (2008:109–110)
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