Voiced palatal approximant

Voiced palatal approximant
j
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Encoding
X-SAMPAj

The voiced palatal approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is used in English, written as y, as in yes. Linguists usually call this symbol "yod," since in English, the name for the letter J starts with the /dʒ/ sound.

Characteristics

  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is palatal. This means that this sound is produced with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
  • It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.

Example

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AdygheятӀэ / yat'a[jatʼa]ⓘ'dirt'
Afrikaansja[jɑː]'yes'See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicStandardيوم / yawm[jawm]'day'See Arabic phonology
Aragonese[1]caye[ˈkaʝ̞e̞]'falls'Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace /ʝ̞/ before /e/).[1]
ArmenianEastern[2]յուղ / yuq[juʁ]'fat'
Assameseমানৱীয়তা / manowiyota[manɔwijɔta]'humanity'
Assyrianܝܡܐ / yama[jaːma]'sea'
Azerbaijaniyuxu[juχu]'dream'
Basquebai[baj]'yes'
Bengaliনয়ন / noyon[nɔjon]'eye'A phonetic merger of the non-syllabic front vowels /i̯ e̯/. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarianмайка / majka[ˈmajkɐ]'mother'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[3]All dialectsfeia[ˈfejɐ]'I did'See Catalan phonology
Some dialectsjo[ˈjɔ]'I'
Chechenялх / yalx[jalx]'six'
ChineseCantonese日 / jat9[jɐt˨ʔ]'day'See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin鸭 (鴨) / yā[ja˥]'duck'See Mandarin phonology
Chuvashйывӑҫ / yıvëş[jɯʋəɕ̬]'tree'
Czechje[jɛ]ⓘ'is'See Czech phonology
Danishjeg[jɑ]'I'See Danish phonology
DutchStandard[4]ja[jaː]ⓘ'yes'Frequently realized as a fricative [ʝ], especially in emphatic speech.[4] See Dutch phonology
Englishyou[juː]'you'See English phonology
Esperantojaro[jaro]'year'See Esperanto phonology
Estonianjalg[ˈjɑlɡ]'leg'See Estonian phonology
Finnishjalka[ˈjɑlkɑ]'leg'See Finnish phonology
Frenchyeux[jø]'eyes'See French phonology
GermanStandard[5][6]Jacke[ˈjäkə]'jacket'Also described as a fricative [ʝ][7][8] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[9] See Standard German phonology
GreekAncient Greekεἴη / éiē[ějːɛː]'s/he shall come'See Ancient Greek phonology
Hebrewילד / yeled[ˈjeled]'kid'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustaniयान / یان / yán[jäːn]'vehicle'See Hindustani phonology
Hungarianjáték[jaːteːk]'game'See Hungarian phonology
Irish[10]ghearrfadh[ˈjɑːɾˠhəx]'would cut'See Irish phonology
Ingushялат / jalat['jalat]'grain'See Ingush phonology
Italian[11]ione[ˈjoːne]'ion'See Italian phonology
Jalapa Mazatec[12]Contrasts voiceless /j̊/, plain voiced /j/ and glottalized voiced /ȷ̃/ approximants.[12]
Japanese焼く / yaku[jaku͍]'to bake'See Japanese phonology
Kabardianйи / yi[ji]'game'
KazakhЯғни / yağni[jaʁni]'so'
Khmerយំ / yom[jom]'to cry'See Khmer phonology
Korean여섯 / yeoseot[jʌsʌt̚]'six'See Korean phonology
Latiniacere[ˈjakɛrɛ]'to throw'See Latin spelling and pronunciation
Lithuanian[13]ji[jɪ]'she'Also described as a fricative [ʝ].[14][15] See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonianкрај / kraj[kraj]'end'See Macedonian phonology
Malaysayang[sajaŋ]'love'
Malayalam പായ/paya [paːjɐ] 'mat' See Malayalam phonology
Maltesejiekol[jɪɛkol]'he eats'
Mapudungun[16]kayu[kɜˈjʊ]'six'May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[16]
Marathiयश / yaš[jəʃ]'success'
Nepaliयाम / yam[jäm]'season'See Nepali phonology
NorwegianUrban East[17][18]gi[jiː]'to give'May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[18][19] See Norwegian phonology
Odiaସମୟ / samaya[sɔmɔjɔ]'time'
Persianیزد / Yäzd[jæzd]'Yazd'See Persian phonology
Polish[20]jutro[ˈjut̪rɔ]ⓘ'tomorrow'See Polish phonology
Portuguese[21]boia[ˈbɔjɐ]'buoy', 'float'Allophone of both /i/ and /ʎ/,[22] as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਯਾਰ / yár[jäːɾ]'friend'
Romanianiar[jar]'again'See Romanian phonology
Russian[23]яма / jama[ˈjämə]'pit'See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[24]југ / jug[jûɡ]'South'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[25]jesť[jɛ̝sc]'to eat'See Slovak phonology
Slovenejaz[ˈjʌ̂s̪]'I'
Solosyas[jas]'up'See Alphabet section in Solos language
Spanish[26]Standardayer[aˈʝ̞e̞ɾ]ⓘ'yesterday'Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.[26] Contrast with /j/. See Spanish phonology
tierra[ˈt̪je.ra]ⓘ'earth'
Rioplatensehielo[ˈje.lo]'ice'
Swedishjag[ˈjɑːɡ]'I'May be realized as a palatal fricative [ʝ] instead. See Swedish phonology
Tagalogmaya[ˈmajɐ]'sparrow'
Tamilயானை[ˈjaːnaɪ]'elephant'See Tamil phonology
Teluguయాతన / yatana[jaːtana]'agony'
Turkish[27]yol[jo̞ɫ̪]'way'See Turkish phonology
Turkmenýüpek[jypek]'silk'
Ubykhајәушқӏa / ajëwšq'a[ajəwʃqʼa] 'you did it'See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainianїжак / ïžak[jiˈʒɑk]'hedgehog'See Ukrainian phonology
VietnameseSouthern dialectsde[jɛ]'cinnamon'Corresponds to northern /z/. See Vietnamese phonology
Washodayáʔ[daˈjaʔ]'leaf'Contrasts voiceless /j̊/ and voiced /j/ approximants.
Welshiaith[jai̯θ]'language'See Welsh phonology
West Frisianjas[jɔs]'coat'See West Frisian phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[28]yan[jaŋ]'neck'

Nasal

Nasalized voiced palatal approximant
j̃
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The nasal voiced palatal approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English, but is in Sakha, and other languages.

Characteristics

  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is palatal. This means that this sound is produced with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.

Examples

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Nheengatunheẽ[j̃ẽʔẽ]'to speak'Influenced Brazilian Portuguese ⟨nh⟩ sound. Sometimes written with ⟨ñ⟩
Hindustani[29]संयम / sanyama[səj̃jəm]'patience'Allophone of /n/ before [j]. See Hindustani phonology
Kaingang[30][j̃ũ]'brave'Possible word-initial realization of /j/ before a nasal vowel.[31]
Lombardbisògn de[biˈzɔj̃ d̪e]'need for (something)'Allophone of /ɲ/ before a consonant. See Lombard phonology
Louisiana Creole[32]sinñin sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃'bleed'Intervocalic allophone of /ɲ/
Polish[33]państwo[ˈpãj̃stfɔ]ⓘ'state, country'Allophone of /ɲ/ before fricatives. See Polish phonology
PortugueseBrazilian[34]sonho[ˈsõj̃ʊ]'dream'Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original /ɲ/ sound.[35][36] See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[37]cães[kɐ̃j̃s]'dogs'Allophone of /i/ after nasal vowels.
Some dialects[35]me ame![ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi]'love me!'Non-syllabic allophone of /i/ between nasal sounds.
Shipibo[38]Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.[38]
SpanishZwolle-Ebarb[39]año[ˈãj̃o]'year'Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech[40]niños[ˈnij̃os]'kids'Allophone of /ɲ/. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
Sakhaайыы[aȷ̃ɯː]'sin, transgression'/ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography.[41]

References

  1. 1 2 Mott (2007), pp. 105–106.
  2. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  3. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 198.
  5. ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 86.
  6. ↑ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), p. 340.
  7. ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 51.
  8. ↑ Krech et al. (2009), p. 83.
  9. ↑ Hall (2003), p. 48.
  10. ↑ Ó Sé (2000), p. 17.
  11. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  12. 1 2 Silverman et al. (1995), p. 83.
  13. ↑ Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23.
  14. ↑ Augustaitis (1964), p. 23.
  15. ↑ Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 46–47.
  16. 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 91.
  17. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 22 and 25.
  18. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), p. 41.
  19. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 74.
  20. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  21. ↑ Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech (in Portuguese).
  22. ↑ The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony(in Portuguese). Pages 223 and 228.
  23. ↑ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
  24. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  25. ↑ Pavlík (2004), p. 106.
  26. 1 2 Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 205.
  27. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  28. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  29. ↑ Canepari (2005:335)
  30. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
  31. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:681)
  32. ↑ Klingler, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013). "Louisiana Creole". In Michaelis, Susanne Maria; Maurer, Philippe; Haspelmath, Martin; Huber, Magnus (eds.). The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Vol. 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish–based, and French-based languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967770-2.
  33. ↑ Gussman (2007)
  34. ↑ Perini (2002:?)
  35. 1 2 Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  36. ↑ Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
  37. ↑ Vigário (2003:77)
  38. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
  39. ↑ Stark (1980:170)
  40. ↑ Lipski, John M. (1989). "Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID 170139844.
  41. ↑ "Yakut (Sakha) language and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
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