Voiced dental and alveolar taps

Voiced alveolar tap or flap
ɾ
Audio sample
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Encoding
X-SAMPA4

The voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages, examples are Arabic, Bengali, and Greek. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents an alveolar tap or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩. The terms "tap" and "flap" are the same in meaning yet they have different English spellings.

Characteristics

  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is tap. This means that this sound is produced with a single contraction of the muscles. The thing that produces the sound (usually the tongue) touches something else for a very short amount of time.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is flap. This means that this sound is produced with a single contraction of the muscles. The thing that produces the sound (usually the tongue) touches something else for a very short amount of time.

Examples

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AlbanianStandardShqipëri[ʃc͡ɕipəˈɾi]'Albania'Contrasts with /r/ in all positions.
ArabicEgyptian[1]رجل[ˈɾeɡɫ̩]'leg'See Egyptian Arabic phonology.
Lebanese إجر [ˈʔəʒəɾ] 'wages'
Moroccan رما / rma [ɾma] 'he threw'
South Iraqi أريد [ˈaɾiːd] 'I want'
Aragonesearagonés[äɾäɣ̞o̞ˈne̞s]'Aragonese'Contrasts with /r/.
ArmenianEastern[2]րոպե[ɾo̞pɛ̝́]ⓘ'minute'Contrasts with /r/ in all positions.
Assyrian ܪܫܐ / rìsha [ɾiʃa] 'head'
Asturianhora[ˈo̞ɾä]'hour'Contrasts with /r/.
Azerbaijaniqara / قارا[ɡɑˈɾɑ]'black'
Basquebegiratu[be̞ˈɣ̞iɾäˌt̪u]'look'Contrasts with /r/. See Basque phonology.
Bengaliত্রিশ[t̪ɾiʃ]'dear'Mostly pronounced [ɹ]. But may occur some word-medially and finally against [ɾ]. See Bengali phonology.
গাড়ি [ˈɡɐɾ̠iˑ] 'car' Apical postalveolar flaps; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[3] See Bengali phonology.
Catalan[4]truc[ˈtɾuk]'trick'Contrasts with /r/. See Catalan phonology.
Danish[5][6]nordisk[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk]'Nordic'Possible realization of intervocalic /d/ between phonetic vowels.[5][6] See Danish phonology.
Dutchreden[ˈɾeːdə(n)]'reason'Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See Dutch phonology.
EnglishCockney[7]better[ˈbe̞ɾɐ]'better'Intervocalic allophone of /t/. In free variation with [ʔ ~ tʰ ~ tˢ]. See Flapping.
Australian[8][ˈbeɾɐ]Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology and Flapping.
New Zealand[9]
Dublin[10][ˈbɛɾɚ]ⓘIntervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be [ɹ] instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and Flapping.
North America[11]
Ulster
West Country
Irishthree[θɾ̊iː]'three'Conservative accents. Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɻ ~ ʁ] in other accents.
Scottish[12]Most speakers. Others use [ɹ ~ r].
Older Received Pronunciation[13]Allophone of /ɹ/.
Scouse[12]
South African[12]Broad speakers. Can be [ɹ ~ r] instead.
EsperantoEsperanto[espeˈɾanto]'one who hopes'Usually a flap [ɾ], but can be a trilled r, depending on speaker. See Esperanto phonology.
Finnishrotta[ˈɾo̞t̪ːɑ]'rat'Occurs in Häme (Tampere) dialect, contrasts with r in standard Finnish. See Finnish phonology.
Greek[14]μηρός / mirós[miˈɾ̠o̞s̠]'thigh'Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of /r/. See Modern Greek phonology.
Gokana[15] bele [beːɾ̠eː] 'we' Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply [l] instead.[15]
Hindustaniमेरा/میرا‎[ˈmeːɾäː]'my'Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See Hindustani phonology.
बड़ा/بڑا [ˈbɐɾ̠äː]ⓘ 'big' Apical postalveolar flaps; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[16] See Hindustani phonology.
Hungariankar[ˈkɒɾ]'arm'Allophone of /r/. See Hungarian phonology.
Irishfear[fʲaɾˠ]'man'See Irish phonology.
Italian Standard era [ˈɛːɾä] 'era' Intervocalic realization of /r/.
Siciliandrago [ˈdɾaːɡu]'dragon'
Kinyarwandau Rwanda[u‿ɾgwɑːⁿdɑ]'Rwanda'
Japanese心 /こころ kokoro[ko̞ko̞ɾo̞ꜜ]ⓘ'heart'[17] Varies with [ɺ].[18] See Japanese phonology.
Kazakhбер / ber[be̞ɾ]ⓘ'give'In free variation with trilled /r/. See Kazakh phonology.
Korean여름 / yeoreum[jʌ̹̀ɾɯ́m]'summer'Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/. See Korean phonology.
Kyrgyzкырк / kyrk[qɯɾq]ⓘ'forty'See Kyrgyz phonology.
Malay راتوس / ratus [ɾä.tos] 'hundred' Common realization of /r/. May be a trilled [r] or postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠]. See Malay phonology.
Malayalam വര/vara [ʋɐɾɐ] 'line' or 'drawing' See Malayalam phonology
Māoriwhare[ˈɸaɾɛ]'house'Sometimes trilled.
Marathiवारा[ʋaːɾaː]'wind'
Nepali[19]तारा [t̪äɾä]'star'Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See Nepali phonology.
भाड़ा [bʱäɾ̠ä] 'rent' Apical postalveolar flaps; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.[20] See Nepali phonology.
Norwegian[21]bare[ˈbɑ̂ːɾə]ⓘ'only'May be realised as a trill [r], approximant [ɹ] or uvular [ʀ~ʁ] depending on dialect. See Norwegian phonology.
Odiaରାତି / rāti[ɾäti]'night'
ଗାଡ଼ି [ɡäɾ̠iː] 'car' Apical postalveolar flaps; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.[22]
Polish który [ˈkt̪uɾɘ̟] 'which' Common realization of /r/. See Polish phonology.
Portuguese[23]prato[ˈpɾatʊ]'dish'Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with /ʁ/, with its guttural allophones. See Portuguese phonology.
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਲਾਰਾ [ˈläːɾäː] 'false promise' See Punjabi phonology.
Shahmukhi لارا‎
Scottish Gaelicmòr[moːɾ]'big'Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as /r/. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill [rˠ], while the slender form is [ɾʲ] ([ð] in some dialects). See Scottish Gaelic phonology.
Shipibo[24] roro [ˈɾ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽] 'to break' Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.[24]
Spanish[25]caro[ˈkaɾo̞]ⓘ'expensive'Contrasts with /r/. See Spanish phonology.
Tagalogbiro[ˈbiɾɔʔ]'joke'See Tagalog phonology.
Tamil மரம் / maram [mɐɾɐ́m]ⓘ 'tree' See Tamil phonology.
Thai Some speakers พระ / phrá [pʰɾäʔ˦˥] 'monk'
Turkish[26]ara[ɑˈɾɑ]ⓘ'interval'Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere.[26] See Turkish phonology.
Turkmengara[ɢɑˈɾɑ]'black'
Uzbek[27]ёмғир / yomg‘ir / یامغیر[ʝɒ̽mˈʁ̟ɨ̞ɾ̪]'rain'Denti-alveolar.[27] See Uzbek phonology.
West Coast Bajau[28]bara'[ba.ɾaʔ]'to tell'Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position.
Wu ChineseXuanzhou Wu銅陵[ɾom.lin]'Tongling'Found in various Xuanzhou localities, with that of Tongling provided. Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to /d/ in other lects.[29]

Dental

Voiced dental tap or flap
ɾ̪
Encoding
X-SAMPA4_d

The voiced dental tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɾ̪⟩.

References

  1. ↑ Watson (2002:16)
  2. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
  3. ↑ Mazumdar (2000:57)
  4. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  5. 1 2 Grønnum (2005:157)
  6. 1 2 Basbøll (2005:126)
  7. ↑ Wells (1982:324–325)
  8. ↑ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)
  9. ↑ Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)
  10. ↑ "Glossary". Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  11. ↑ Ogden (2009:114)
  12. 1 2 3 Ogden (2009:92)
  13. ↑ Wise (1957:?)
  14. ↑ Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
  15. 1 2 L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
  16. ↑ Tiwari (2004:?)
  17. ↑ Labrune (2012), p. 92.
  18. ↑ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
  19. ↑ Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009). "Nepali". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181. ISSN 1475-3502.
  20. ↑ Khatiwada (2009:374)
  21. ↑ Kristoffersen, Gjert (2015). "En innføring i norsk fonologi" [An introduction to Norwegian phonology] (PDF) (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). University of Bergen. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2020-07-09. I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp
  22. ↑ Masica (1991:107)
  23. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  24. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
  25. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  26. 1 2 Yavuz & Balcı (2011:25)
  27. 1 2 Sjoberg (1963:13)
  28. ↑ Miller, Mark T. (2007). A Grammar of West Coast Bajau (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 34. hdl:10106/577.
  29. ↑ Jiang, Bingbing (2003), 吴语宣州片方言音韵研究, Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, p. 41–42, ISBN 7-5617-3299-6
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