List of prime ministers of Canada
The Prime Minister of Canada is the official who serves as the main minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and head of government of Canada. 24 people (23 men and 1 woman) have been prime minister, serving 29 distinct terms. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party with the greatest number of seats in the house.
A prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1]
Prime ministers
In Canada, they count the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.[2]
| Abbreviation key: | No.: Incumbent number, Min.: Ministry, Refs: References |
| Colour key: | Historical Conservative parties (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (Historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative) |
| Provinces key: | AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Electoral mandates (Assembly) | Political party | Riding | Cabinet | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .jpg) |
John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) |
1 July 1867 |
5 November 1873 |
Title created (caretaker government)
1867 election (1st Parl.) 1872 election (2nd Parl.) |
Liberal–Conservative | MP for Kingston, ON | 1st | [3][4] | |
| Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join Confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal. | ||||||||||
| 2 |  |
Alexander Mackenzie (1822–1892) |
7 November 1873 |
8 October 1878 |
Appointment (2nd Parl.)
1874 election (3rd Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1873) |
MP for Lambton, ON | 2nd | [5][6] | |
| Appointed as a result of the Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Passage of the Indian Act; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Creation of the office of the Auditor General. | ||||||||||
| 3 | _(cropped).jpg) |
John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) |
17 October 1878 |
6 June 1891 |
1878 election (4th Parl.)
1882 election (5th Parl.) 1887 election (6th Parl.) 1891 election (7th Parl.) |
Liberal–Conservative | MP for Victoria, BC (1878–1882) MP for Carleton, ON MP for Kingston, ON |
3rd | [7][8] | |
| National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel; Imposed Peasant Farm Policy; Died in office (stroke). | ||||||||||
| 4 | .jpg) |
John Abbott (1821–1893) |
16 June 1891 |
24 November 1892 |
Appointment (7th Parl.) | Liberal–Conservative | Senator for Inkerman, Quebec | 4th | [9][10] | |
| First prime minister born in what would become Canada; first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate; Minister without Portfolio; succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson; in ill health; retired. | ||||||||||
| 5 | .jpg) |
John Sparrow David Thompson (1845–1894) |
5 December 1892 |
12 December 1894 |
Appointment (7th Parl.) | Liberal–Conservative | MP for Antigonish, NS | 5th | [11][12] | |
| Minister of Justice; first Catholic prime minister; Manitoba Schools Question; died in office (heart attack). | ||||||||||
| 6 | .jpg) |
Mackenzie Bowell (1823–1917) |
21 December 1894 |
27 April 1896 |
Appointment (7th Parl.) | Conservative | Senator for Ontario | 6th | [13][14] | |
| Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question; last prime minister to serve while in the Senate and last prime minister not to be born in Canada or pre-Canada until Turner. | ||||||||||
| 7 | 2.jpg) |
Charles Tupper (1821–1915) |
1 May 1896 |
8 July 1896 |
Appointment (caretaker government) | Conservative | MP for Cape Breton, NS | 7th | [15][16] | |
| Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM to take office. Longest life of any Canadian prime minister (as of 2025), at 94 years, four months. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as prime minister. | ||||||||||
| 8 | _-_tight_crop_(cropped).jpg) |
Wilfrid Laurier (1841–1919) |
11 July 1896 |
6 October 1911 |
1896 election (8th Parl.)
1900 election (9th Parl.) 1904 election (10th Parl.) 1908 election (11th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1887) |
MP for Quebec East, QC | 8th | [17][18] | |
| Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; first French Canadian prime minister. | ||||||||||
| 9 | .jpg) |
Robert Borden (1854–1937) |
10 October 1911 |
10 July 1920 |
1911 election (12th Parl.)
1917 election (13th Parl.) |
Government (Unionist) (Ldr. 1901) |
MP for Halifax, NS (1911–1917) MP for Kings, NS |
9th (1911–17) 10th (1917–20) |
[18][19][20] | |
| First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins the League of Nations; last Canadian Prime Minister to be knighted. | ||||||||||
| 10 | .jpg) |
Arthur Meighen (1874–1960) |
10 July 1920 |
29 December 1921 |
Appointment (13th Parl.) | Conservative (Ldr. 1920) |
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB | 11th | [21][22] | |
| Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendent Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways. | ||||||||||
| 11 | .jpg) |
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) |
29 December 1921 |
28 June 1926 |
1921 election (14th Parl.)
1925 election (15th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1919) |
MP for York North, ON (1921–1925) MP for Prince Albert, SK |
12th | [LS] [23][24] | |
| Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng. | ||||||||||
| 12 | .jpg) |
Arthur Meighen (1874–1960) |
29 June 1926 |
25 September 1926 |
Appointment (15th Parl.) | Conservative (Ldr. 1920) |
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB | 13th | [21][25] | |
| Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair. Circumvented required ministerial by-elections by appointing "acting ministers" and subsequently defeated on a motion of no confidence. | ||||||||||
| 13 |  |
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) |
25 September 1926 |
7 August 1930 |
1926 election (16th Parl.) | Liberal (Ldr. 1919) |
MP for Prince Albert, SK | 14th | [23][26] | |
| Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression. | ||||||||||
| 14 | .jpg) |
R. B. Bennett (1870–1947) |
7 August 1930 |
23 October 1935 |
1930 election (17th Parl.) | Conservative (Ldr. 1927) |
MP for Calgary West, AB | 15th | [27][28] | |
| Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Statute of Westminster; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada. | ||||||||||
| 15 | 2.jpg) |
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) |
23 October 1935 |
15 November 1948 |
1935 election (18th Parl.)
1940 election (19th Parl.) 1945 election (20th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1919) |
MP for Prince Albert, SK (1935–1945) MP for Glengarry, ON |
16th | [LS][23][29] | |
| Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Japanese Canadian internment; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair. First and to date only prime minister to serve three non-consecutive terms. | ||||||||||
| 16 |  |
Louis St. Laurent (1882–1973) |
15 November 1948 |
21 June 1957 |
Appointment (20th Parl.)
1949 election (21st Parl.) 1953 election (22nd Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1948) |
MP for Quebec East, QC | 17th | [30][31] | |
| Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins Confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate. | ||||||||||
| 17 | .jpg) |
John Diefenbaker (1895–1979) |
21 June 1957 |
22 April 1963 |
1957 election (23rd Parl.)
1958 election (24th Parl.) 1962 election (25th Parl.) |
Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1956) |
MP for Prince Albert, SK | 18th | [32][33] | |
| Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme. | ||||||||||
| 18 | .jpg) |
Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972) |
22 April 1963 |
20 April 1968 |
1963 election (26th Parl.)
1965 election (27th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1958) |
MP for Algoma East, ON | 19th | [34][35] | |
| Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Creation of a national system of universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations. | ||||||||||
| 19 | _(cropped).jpg) |
Pierre Trudeau (1919–2000) |
20 April 1968 |
4 June 1979 |
Appointment (27th Parl.)
1968 election (28th Parl.) 1972 election (29th Parl.) 1974 election (30th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1968) |
MP for Mount Royal, QC | 20th | [*][36] | |
| Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; decriminalizing homosexuality and legalizing abortion; October Crisis and use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metrication of Canada; National Housing Act amendments; inflation and eventual state intervention; Creation of Via Rail. | ||||||||||
| 20 | .jpg) |
Joe Clark (b. 1939) |
4 June 1979 |
3 March 1980 |
1979 election (31st Parl.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1976) |
MP for Yellowhead, AB | 21st | [*][37] | |
| Youngest Canadian PM; Freedom of Information Act; Canadian Caper; defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget. | ||||||||||
| 21 | .jpg) |
Pierre Trudeau (1919–2000) |
3 March 1980 |
30 June 1984 |
1980 election (32nd Parl.) | Liberal (Ldr. 1968) |
MP for Mount Royal, QC | 22nd | [*][36] | |
| 1980 Quebec referendum; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Montreal Protocol; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation. | ||||||||||
| 22 | .jpg) |
John Turner (1929–2020) |
30 June 1984 |
17 September 1984 |
Appointment (32nd Parl.) | Liberal (Ldr. 1984) |
Did not hold a seat in legislature | 23rd | [*][38] | |
| Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as prime minister. First prime minister since Bowell not to have been born in Canada. | ||||||||||
| 23 | .jpg) |
Brian Mulroney (1939–2024) |
17 September 1984 |
25 June 1993 |
1984 election (33rd Parl.)
1988 election (34th Parl.) |
Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1983) |
MP for Manicouagan, QC (1984–1988) MP for Charlevoix, QC |
24th | [*][39] | |
| Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Sanctions against South Africa; Acid Rain treaty; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Emergencies Act; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Nunavut Land Claims Agreement; Airbus affair. | ||||||||||
| 24 | _(cropped).jpg) |
Kim Campbell (b. 1947) |
25 June 1993 |
4 November 1993 |
Appointment (34th Parl.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1993) |
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC | 25th | [*][40] | |
| Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; only female prime minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election. | ||||||||||
| 25 | .jpg) |
Jean Chrétien (b. 1934) |
4 November 1993 |
12 December 2003 |
1993 election (35th Parl.)
1997 election (36th Parl.) 2000 election (37th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 1990) |
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC | 26th | [*][41] | |
| Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; 1995 Quebec referendum; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry. | ||||||||||
| 26 | .jpg) |
Paul Martin (b. 1938) |
12 December 2003 |
6 February 2006 |
Appointment (37th Parl.)
2004 election (38th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 2003) |
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC | 27th | [*][42] | |
| Only son of Paul Martin Sr., a prominent diplomat; served as Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord | ||||||||||
| 27 |  |
Stephen Harper (b. 1959) |
6 February 2006 |
4 November 2015 |
2006 election (39th Parl.)
2008 election (40th Parl.) 2011 election (41st Parl.) |
Conservative (Ldr. 2004) |
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB | 28th | [*][43] | |
| Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; 2008 financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; 2014 Parliament Hill shootings; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015. | ||||||||||
| 28 | _(cropped)_(cropped).jpg) |
Justin Trudeau (b. 1971) |
4 November 2015 |
14 March 2025 |
2015 election (42nd Parl.)
2019 election (43rd Parl.) 2021 election (44th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 2013) |
MP for Papineau, QC | 29th | [44] | |
| Eldest son of Pierre Trudeau, the 15th prime minister; served as Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; brought Liberals from 3rd place to majority government; resettling of Syrian refugees; Paris Agreement; Canada–Europe Trade Agreement; Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement; legalization of cannabis; Carbon pricing in Canada; Aga Khan affair; United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement; Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou; Negotiated Release of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig; SNC-Lavalin affair; COVID-19 pandemic; use of the Emergencies Act; WE Charity scandal; weapon shipment for defence of Ukraine; confidence and supply agreement with NDP; diplomatic dispute with India; Canada Child Benefit; $10 a day childcare; Yaroslav Hunka scandal; Canadian Dental Care Plan; Pharmacare; 2024–2025 Canadian political crisis; 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico. | ||||||||||
| 29 | .jpg) |
Mark Carney (b. 1965) |
14 March 2025 |
incumbent | Appointment (44th Parl.)
2025 election (45th Parl.) |
Liberal (Ldr. 2025) |
MP for Nepean, ON | 30th | [45] | |
| First prime minister born in any of the territories; first prime minister to have never served in prior elected office; first Governor of the Bank of Canada to serve as prime minister and first to hold a high position in another country (Governor of the Bank of England); 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico[46] | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
References
- ↑ Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 38, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009, retrieved 24 March 2011
- ↑ "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of the Canadian Parliament. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Mackenzie, Alexander". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Macdonald, John Alexander". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Abbott, John Joseph Caldwell". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Thompson, John Sparrow David". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 23 December 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Bowell, Mackenzie". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 25 January 2025. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Tupper, Charles". Parliament of Canada. 1915-10-30. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Laurier, Wilfrid". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- 1 2 "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Borden, Robert Laird". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- 1 2 "Profile – Meighen, Arthur". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 25 January 2025. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- 1 2 3 "Profile – King, William Lyon Mackenzie". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Bennett, Richard Bedford". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – St-Laurent, Louis Stephen". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Diefenbaker, John George". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Profile – Pearson, Lester Bowles". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- 1 2 "Profile – Trudeau, Pierre Elliott". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Clark, Charles Joseph". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Turner, John Napier". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Mulroney, Martin Brian". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Campbell, A. Kim". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Chrétien, Joseph Jacques Jean". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 7 February 2025. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Harper, Stephen Joseph". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Trudeau, Justin". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
- ↑ "Profile – Carney, Mark". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
- ↑ Murphy, Jessica (9 March 2025). "Canada's next PM Mark Carney vows to win trade war with Trump". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- 1 2 3 "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.