University of North Dakota

University of North Dakota
MottoLux et Lex (Latin)
Motto in English
"Light and Law"
TypePublic research university
Established1883 (1883)
Parent institution
North Dakota University System
AccreditationHLC
Academic affiliations
  • UArctic
  • Space-grant
Endowment$422.1 million (2024)[1]
PresidentAndrew Armacost
ProvostEric Link
Academic staff
823[2]
Administrative staff
2,051[2]
Students15,019 (fall 2024)[3]
Undergraduates11,033 (fall 2024)[3]
Postgraduates3,483 (fall 2024)[3]
Location
Grand Forks, North Dakota
,
United States
CampusSmall city, 521 acres (2.11 km2)
NewspaperThe Dakota Student
ColorsUND Green and White[4][5][6][7]
    
NicknameFighting Hawks
Sporting affiliations
MascotThe Fighting Hawk
Websitewww.und.edu

The University of North Dakota (UND) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. It was started by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883. That was six years before North Dakota became a state.

The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. The John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences was the first in the country to offer a degree in using unmanned aircraft.[8] Several national research centers are on the university's campus. These include the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center.[9] It is listed as a "R1: Doctoral universities – very high research activity".[10]

History

Original President's Mansion

UND was started in 1883.[11] UND began as a liberal arts school. It later added more science research. The first classes were held on September 8, 1884. The first building at UND, Old Main, had all of the classrooms, offices, dorm rooms, and a library.[12] In the 1880s, UND was only a few acres of property. The campus was surrounded by farms and fields. It was located nearly two miles west of the city of Grand Forks. Students living off campus had to take a train or a horse and carriage bus from downtown to the campus.[12][13]

20th century

Early 20th century campus scenes

More buildings were built on campus. A trolley system was built between the university and downtown Grand Forks. There were several major problems in the early 20th century. In 1918, flu killed 1,400 in North Dakota. UND had the most deaths from flu of any college in the United States.[14] Classes were stopped in 1918 so the campus could become an army base for soldiers during World War I.[14] During the Great Depression, UND gave free housing to students who worked on campus.[15] The housing was nicknamed "Camp Depression." They were made of railroad cabooses. Eight male students lived in each caboose.[15] "Camp Depression" students did not get regular meals from the cafeteria. They were given free leftovers. People who lived in Grand Forks sometimes let the students eat at their houses.[15]

After World War II, more than 3,000 people were students at UND.[16] Many new buildings had to be built.[16] The 1950s saw the rise of the Fighting Sioux hockey team.[17] In the 1960s and 1970s, many student protests occurred at UND.[18] The largest was in May 1970 when over 1,500 students protested the Kent State shootings.[18] In 1975, a record 8,500 students attended the school. The 1970s also saw the start of the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences at UND. During the 1980s and 1990s the university continued to grow.[19] The 1997 Red River flood affected many buildings on campus. The rest of the school year was cancelled.[20]

21st century

A few important sports buildings opened for UND athletics at the start of the 21st century.[21] The Ralph Engelstad Arena, home of men's and women's hockey, and the Alerus Center, home of UND football, both opened in 2001. The Betty Engelstad Sioux Center opened in August 2004. It is home to UND volleyball and men's and women's basketball.[22]

Millions of dollars' worth of building and repairs has happened on campus. UND built a Wellness Center, a parking garage, and a new Memorial Union. They also improved the library and Gershman Center for graduate students. They also built an apartment-style housing complex. Other projects around campus have included a new LEED Platinum-certified alumni center, a renovated and expanded College of Education and Human Development, and an expanded Energy and Environmental Research Center. In 2016, a $124-million Medicine and Health Services building was built on the north end of campus.[23]

In 2015, a study by the School of Economics at North Dakota State University said that UND helps make $1.4 billion for the state each year.[24][25] It was the fourth-largest employer in the state of North Dakota, after the Air Force.[26]

In August 2021, UND became the first school in the United States Space Force's University Partnership program.[27]

Campus

Merrifield Hall

The University of North Dakota's main campus is in Grand Forks on University Avenue. The campus is made up of 240 buildings (6.4 million square feet) on 521 acres (2.11 km2).[28] The campus is about one and half miles from east to west. It is divided by the English Coulee stream. The western edge is bordered by Interstate 29. The eastern edge is bordered with University Park. The Grand Forks railyards are the south side. The north side is bordered by U.S. Highway 2 which is called Gateway Drive in Grand Forks.

In the middle of campus is the Chester Fritz Library. It is the largest library in North Dakota.[29] There are also northern and western campuses. The western part of the UND campus has modern styles of architecture.[29] The Gorecki Alumni Center on campus is North Dakota's first LEED Platinum building. Geothermal and solar panels make energy for the building.[30]

Academics

School of Law
School of Medicine & Health Sciences
Academic rankings
National
Forbes[31] 234
Times/WSJ[32] 401–500
U.S. News & World Report[33] 244
Washington Monthly[34] 207
Global
U.S. News & World Report[35] 1369

UND has more than 225 areas of learning. It has 108 undergraduate majors, 69 minors, 81 master's programs, 37 doctoral programs, and two professional programs (medicine and law).[36] UND also has a program that allows students to get a degree in almost any area of study.[37] Some online classes and degree programs are offered for students around the nation and world.[38] This online program has been highly ranked by US News and other online college rankings.[39][40][41] On campus, academic classrooms range from smaller rooms that have seats for around 20 students to large lecture rooms for hundreds of students at a time. All areas have wireless internet for laptops.

The university has ten academic divisions:

  • John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences
  • College of Arts & Sciences
  • Nistler College of Business & Public Administration
  • College of Education & Human Development
  • College of Engineering & Mines
  • School of Graduate Studies
  • School of Law
  • School of Medicine & Health Sciences
  • College of Nursing & Professional Disciplines

Libraries

Chester Fritz Library

UND has three libraries that make up the largest system of research libraries in the state of North Dakota.[42] The Chester Fritz Library is the largest library in the state.[43] It has 1.6 million books. It gives access to about 28,000 electronic journals. It owns over 20,000 electronic books.[44] The library is also a U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository.[42] UND's special collections department is known for its genealogical resources, including Norwegian Bygdeboker, or Norwegian farm and town records.[45] Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library.[42] The School of Law has the Thormodsgard Law Library[46] and the School of Medicine has the Harley E. French Library of the Health Sciences.[47]

Student life

Number of students:[48][49][50]
1890 24
1900 124
1910 490
1920 1,124
1930 1,765
1940 1,757
1950 2,653
1960 4,491
1970 8,129
1980 10,217
1990 11,885
2000 11,031
2010 14,194
2020 13,615[51]

Student body

Over 14,000 students[52] go to classes on the UND campus each year.[49] About 39 percent of the student body is from North Dakota. The other 61 percent is made up of students from other states and 99 nations.[53] Students can live on or off campus. On campus, there are 14 residence halls[54] and 700 student apartment rooms.[55] There is also as 13 fraternities[56] and seven sororities.[57] There are over 275 student organizations at UND[58] and an intramural sports program.

Culture

The North Dakota Museum of Art has exhibits throughout the year.[59] It is the official art museum of the state of North Dakota, The Burtness Theater and the Chester Fritz Auditorium have theater and concert events.[60][61] The Ralph Engelstad Arena also has non-athletic events including concerts. The nearby city-owned Alerus Center has several concerts each year as well as other events. Each year, UND hosts the University of North Dakota Writers Conference with important American and foreign writers.[62][63]

Media

The Dakota Student is UND's student newspaper.

North Dakota Quarterly, a literary journal, is edited at UND.[64]

The North Dakota Law Review is the journal of the State Bar Association of North Dakota.[65] The UND School of Law has published it since 1924.

The Alumni Review is published by the UND Alumni Association and Foundation.[66]

Sports

The North Dakota football team during a game against Indiana State in 2023

North Dakota's 17 sports teams play in the NCAA's Division I. Most of the teams play in the Summit League. Men's hockey plays in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference. The football team plays in the Missouri Valley Football Conference.[67] The men's ice hockey team has won eight national championships. It has been runner-up five times and plays in the Ralph Engelstad Arena.

The football team won the Division II national championship in 2001 and was the runner-up in 2003. It plays at the Alerus Center. The basketball and volleyball teams play in the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center. The women's basketball team has won three national championships in 1997, 1998, and 1999 and was runner-up in 2001.

The colors of UND sports are green and white. The school has used those colors for sports since the 1920s. The university's official school colors are green and pink. These are the colors of North Dakota's state flower, the Wild Prairie Rose. These colors are not usually used outside of official or ceremonial applications. From 1904 until 1930, UND's athletic teams were called the Flickertails. They then became the Fighting Sioux. They did not use a nickname from 2012 to 2015 because of the NCAA's rules about using Native American nicknames.[68][69] On November 18, 2015, it was announced the new nickname would be "Fighting Hawks", effective immediately.[70][71]

Fight song

The school's main fight song is "Stand Up and Cheer". Two other fight songs are "UND" and It's for You, North Dakota U (or North Dakota U), written by Franz Rickaby in 1921.[72][73]

Notable people and students

Pearl I. Young
Carl Ben Eielson

People who attended the University of North Dakota have become known in many areas including politics and government, business, science, literature, arts and entertainment, and sports.[74] Nine Governors of North Dakota were educated at UND. These include Fred G. Aandahl,[75] Kelly Armstrong, Louis B. Hanna,[76] Lynn Frazier,[77] William Langer,[78] John Moses,[79] Ragnvald A. Nestos,[80] Allen I. Olson,[81] and Ed Schafer. Schafer was also the US Secretary of Agriculture from 2008 to 2009.[82] Former Deputy National Security Advisor at the White House, Mark Pfeifle is a 1997 graduate in the School of Communications.[83] Many U.S. Senators and Representatives of North Dakota were also graduates of UND. These include former Senator Byron Dorgan[84] and former Representative Earl Pomeroy.[85] Former House Majority Leader Dick Armey is a UND graduate.[86] Ronald Davies ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High School during the Civil Rights Movement as a federal judge.[87] Leigh Gerdine was president of Webster University and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1989.

UND alumni who became notable in business include chairman of TNSE & president of the Winnipeg Jets hockey club Mark Chipman,[88] current president and former CEO of Cargill Gregory R. Page,[89] current president and CEO of the Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant chain Sally J. Smith,[90] current CEO of Forum Communications William C. Marcil,[91] former Las Vegas casino owner and UND philanthropist Ralph Engelstad,[92] and former CEO of American Skandia and founder of WealthVest Marketing Wade Dokken.[93]

Notable UND alumni in science include Harry Nyquist,[94] Carl Ben Eielson,[95] Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson,[96] engineer and NASA astronaut Karen L. Nyberg,[97] and leading NASA manager John H. Disher. Pearl I. Young, a UND graduate in 1919, became the first female technical employee at NASA (then NACA) in 1922. Her work at the agency resulted in a theater at NASA Langley being named for her in 1995.

Alumni who have become notable through writing include the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and author Maxwell Anderson,[98] Rhodes scholar and poet Thomas McGrath,[99] essayist and journalist Chuck Klosterman,[100] and novelist Jon Hassler.[101] UND graduates have become editors of major magazines: Carroll Eugene Simcox of The Living Church, former Ebony editor Era Bell Thompson[102] and former LIFE editor Edward K. Thompson.[103] Alumni who have become notable in arts and entertainment include actor Sam Anderson[104] and America's Next Top Model winner Nicole Linkletter.[105]

Former UND students who have gone on to notable careers in sports include former NBA player and coach and former president of the New York Knicks, Phil Jackson,[106] 1980 Winter Olympics "Miracle on Ice" hockey player Dave Christian,[107] NHL players Ed Belfour and Zach Parise, and professional football players Jim Kleinsasser and Dave Osborn. As of the 2018–19 season, more than 20 former UND players are in the NHL. More than 100 former players have played in the NHL.[108]

References

  1. ↑ As of June 30, 2024. A Record-Breaking Year (2024) (Report). August 28, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  2. 1 2 "About UND". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 "Student Body". University of North Dakota. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  4. ↑ "Color | Brand". Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Seal of the University | Code of Student Life | Student Affairs | UND: University of North Dakota". Und.edu. August 1, 2012. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Color Identity: University of North Dakota". UND Office of University Relations. October 11, 2015. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Brand - Colors". Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  8. ↑ "A first: UND offers degree program in UAV piloting" (Press release). Homeland Security News Wire. Archived from the original on February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  9. ↑ "GFHNRC". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
  10. ↑ Banish, Joe (2025-02-13). "BREAKING NEWS: UND named to top tier of research universities". UND Today. Retrieved 2025-02-14.
  11. ↑ "UND History: The Founding". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  12. 1 2 "UND History: Old Main". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 10, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  13. ↑ "UND History: 1890". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  14. 1 2 "UND History: 1910". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  15. 1 2 3 "UND History: 1930". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  16. 1 2 "UND History: 1940". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  17. ↑ "UND History: 1950". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on July 19, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  18. 1 2 "UND History: 1970". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  19. ↑ "UND History: 1980". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
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  21. ↑ "UND History: 2000". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Betty Engelstad Sioux Center". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  23. ↑ "Construction | School of Medicine & Health Sciences | UND: University of North Dakota". Med.und.edu. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  24. ↑ Coon, Randall; Bangsund, Dean; Hodur, Nancy (October 1, 2014). North Dakota State University Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report 729: Economic Impact of the North Dakota University System in 2013 (PDF). Fargo, North Dakota: North Dakota University System. pp. 59–61. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
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  26. ↑ "LARGEST EMPLOYERS IN NORTH DAKOTA". State of North Dakota Job Service. State of North Dakota. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  27. ↑ "UND becomes first participant in the Space Force's University Partnership program". August 9, 2021. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  28. ↑ "University of North Dakota". USNEWS.com. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  29. 1 2 "Campus Landmarks". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
  30. ↑ "Livable Buildings 2021 Gorecki Alumni Center" (PDF). cbe.berkeley.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  31. ↑ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. July 5, 2016.
  32. ↑ "U.S. College Rankings 2018". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
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  35. ↑ "Best Global Universities Rankings: 2017". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
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  38. ↑ "Degrees Offered". UND: Division of Continuing Education. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  39. ↑ "UND one of 12 top nonprofits". Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  40. ↑ "U.S. News & World Report, others: UND Online programs move to the head of the class". Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  41. ↑ "2014 Most Affordable U.S. Online College Rankings". Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  42. 1 2 3 "Library Description". Chester Fritz Library. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  43. ↑ "Factbook: Chester Fritz Library". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on February 24, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  44. ↑ "Collections". Chester Fritz Library. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  45. ↑ "Family History and Genealogy Room". Chester Fritz Library. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  46. ↑ "Law Library". UND School of Law. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  47. ↑ "HEFL Home". UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  48. ↑ "125 years of fall enrollment". UND 125: Anniversary. Grand Forks Herald. February 24, 2008.
  49. 1 2 "News | The University of North Dakota". .und.edu. 2011-06-01. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
  50. ↑ "UND enrollment sets another record at 15,250; number of new freshmen a contributing factor | 09 | 2012 | News | UND: University of North Dakota". und.edu. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  51. ↑ "North Dakota University System Headcounts and FTE Enrollments : College of Arts & Sciences" (PDF). Und.edu. September 22, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Fall 2023 enrollment down at most area colleges and universities except for 1". October 31, 2023.
  53. ↑ "Student Body Profile".
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  55. ↑ "University Apartments". UND: Residence Services. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  56. ↑ "Fraternities". Greek Life. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  57. ↑ "Sororities". Greek Life. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  58. ↑ "Student Organizations". UND: Student Organizations. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  59. ↑ "Information Page". North Dakota Museum of Art. Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
  60. ↑ "Burtness Theater". UND: Department of Theater Arts. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
  61. ↑ "Chester Fritz Auditorium". Chester Fritz Auditorium. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
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  68. ↑ Johnson, Peter (June 15, 2012). "Message to the campus community about resuming transition away from nickname and logo". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  69. ↑ "University of North Dakota officially drops 'Fighting Sioux' nickname". Fox News. Associated Press. June 14, 2012. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  70. ↑ "Fighting Hawks selected as new nickname for the University of North Dakota". University of North Dakota. November 18, 2015. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  71. ↑ "Fighting Hawks selected as new nickname for the University of North Dakota". North Dakota Fighting Hawks. November 18, 2015. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
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  73. ↑ Studwell, William E.; Schueneman, Bruce R. (2001). College Fight Songs II: A Supplementary Anthology. United States: Haworth Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-7890-0920-X.
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  76. ↑ "North Dakota Governors: Louis B. Hanna". State Historical Society of North Dakota. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  77. ↑ "North Dakota Governors: Lynn Frazier". State Historical Society of North Dakota. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
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  79. ↑ "John Moses Papers". Chester Fritz Library. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  80. ↑ "North Dakota Governors: Ragnvald A. Nestos". State Historical Society of North Dakota. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  81. ↑ "North Dakota Governors: Allen I. Olson". State Historical Society of North Dakota. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  82. ↑ "North Dakota Governors: Edward T. Schafer". State Historical Society of North Dakota. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  83. ↑ "Mark Pfeifle | University of North Dakota". Undnews.areavoices.com. 2012-10-10. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  84. ↑ "Biography". Senator Byron L. Dorgan. Archived from the original on September 13, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  85. ↑ "Biography of Congressman Earl Pomeroy". Congressman Earl Pomeroy. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  86. ↑ "Dick Armey". CNN. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  87. ↑ "Judge Ronald N. Davies Papers". Chester Fritz Library. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  88. ↑ "Mark Chipman, '85 Receives UND's Highest Honor". UND School of Law. 2012-10-31. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
  89. ↑ Clemens, Lisa (February 6, 2007). "Gregory Page named chief executive officer and president of Cargill, effective June 1, 2007; Warren Staley to retire as CEO June 1". Cargill. Archived from the original on August 31, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
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  92. ↑ "Ralph Engelstad". Ralph Engelstad Arena. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  93. ↑ "North Dakota Business Innovator of the Year". Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
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  95. ↑ "About Carl Ben Eielson". Eielson Air Force Base. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
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  101. ↑ "Jon Hassler Papers". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  102. ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award, Era Bell Thompson". Office of the Governor of North Dakota. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  103. ↑ Pantera, Tom (May 30, 1999). "A rich history of storytelling". The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  104. ↑ "Sam Anderson". IMDb.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  105. ↑ "Nicole Linkletter". IMDb.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  106. ↑ "NBA TV to Present Phil Jackson: NBA Maverick". NBA. September 6, 2007. Archived from the original on September 18, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  107. ↑ "DaveChristian". VintageMinnesotaHockey.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
  108. ↑ STAFF, TRIBUNE. "29 former UND players in NHL training camps". Bismarck Tribune. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-08.

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