South Sudanese Civil War

South Sudanese Civil War
Part of Ethnic violence in South Sudan[1][2]

Military situation in South Sudan on 22 March 2020
  Under control of the Government of South Sudan
  Under control of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition
  Under control of the Government of Sudan
Date15 December 2013 – 12 September 2018
(4 years, 8 months and 4 weeks)
Location
South Sudan with spillovers into Uganda
Result

Signing of the 2020 peace agreement

  • Return to pre-civil war administrative districts
  • Establishment of 3 Special Administrative Districts
  • Riek Machar became the Vice President of South Sudan again.
Participants
  • South Sudan SPLM-IO[17]
  • Nuer White Army[18]
  • South Sudan SSDM
    • Cobra Faction[b]
    • Greater Pibor Forces (since 2015)[20]
    • South Sudan Agwelek forces (before 2025)[23][24]
  • TFNF[25]
  • SSFDP[26]
  • South Sudan National Army[27][28]
  • NAS
  • Arrow Boys (since November 2015)
  • South Sudan Wau State insurgents[29]
  • South Sudan SSOA (until September 2018)
  • South Sudan SSOMA/NSSSOG (until January 2020)
  •  Sudan (South Sudanese government claim)[30]Template:Tree list end
Commanders and leaders
South Sudan Salva Kiir
South Sudan Gabriel Jok Riak (from 2018)
South Sudan James Ajongo Mawut # (2017–2018)
South Sudan Paul Malong Awan (2014–2017)
South Sudan James Hoth Mai (until 2014)[31]
South Sudan Kuol Manyang
South Sudan Peter Par Jiek †
Uganda Yoweri Museveni
Uganda Katumba Wamala
Matthew Puljang[4]		 United NationsNew Zealand David Shearer (from 2016)
United NationsDenmark Ellen Margrethe Løj (2014–2016)
United NationsNorway Hilde Frafjord Johnson (until 2014)		 South Sudan Riek Machar[32][33]
South Sudan Paulino Zangil[c]
South Sudan Thomas Cirilo
South Sudan Gabriel Changson Chang
South Sudan Peter Gadet #
South Sudan Lam Akol
Khalid Botrous (from 2016)[22]
David Yau Yau (2013–2016)[d]
South Sudan John Uliny[23][24]
South Sudan Gabriel Tang †
Yoanis Okiech †[25][35]
Paul Malong Awan (from 2018)
Strength
SPLA: 150,000 (2015)[36]
Uganda: 5,000+ (2014)[37]		 12,523 (2015)[15][38]
15,000 soldiers (2019)[39]
1,800 police (2019)[39]		 SPLM-IO: At least 10,000 defectors[40][41][42]
Nuer White Army: 25,000 (2013)[18][43]
NAS: 20,000+ (NAS claim, 2017)[44]
SSPA: 15,000 (SSPA claim, 2017)[45]
Casualties and losses
10,659 killed, 9,921 wounded (January–October 2014)[46]
Uganda 21 killed (by January 2014)[47]		 5 peacekeepers killed (by August 2015)[48] Unknown
190,000 violent deaths (April 2018)[49]
193,000 non-violent war-related deaths (April 2018)[49]
383,000 total deaths (April 2018)
1.5 million+ civilians had fled South Sudan and 2.1 million+ civilians internally displaced (as of 2017)[50]
Four Kenyan civilians killed.[51]
The United States military evacuated American citizens from South Sudan on 3 January 2014.

The South Sudanese Civil War was a civil war that broke out on 14 December 2013 after a faction of the South Sudanese army staged a coup. South Sudanese President Salva Kiir Mayardit declared the next day that the coup was destroyed but fightings continued after 16 December and the conflict expanded further to Juba, along the ethnic border in Jonglei State. At least a thousand died and 800 injured. President Kiir Mayardit stated that former Vice President Riek Machar had orchestrated the coup, Machar denied and said that Kiir Mayardit was attempting to create a power struggle. On 19 December, the South Sudan People's Defence Forces took Bor. The same day, the United Nations' area in Akobo was attacked, leading to two Indian personnel deaths of UNMISS.

Notes

  1. ↑ The SPLM-IO accused JEM of supporting Kiir's government since 2013, though JEM has denied any involvement and claims to maintain neutrality in the South Sudanese Civil War.[6] The Sudanese government,[7] aid workers[6] and other sources[8] have however affirmed that JEM is taking part in conflict on the side of the South Sudanese government.[9]
  2. ↑ The Cobra Faction openly opposed the government until 2014, and remained in relative opposition until 2015, when it divided into a pro-government and pro-SPLM-IO faction, the latter of which formed the Greater Pibor Forces. In early 2016, the Cobra Faction effectively disbanded, when the remaining group joined the government.[19][20][21] In September 2016, however, the Cobra Faction was declared restored by some of its commanders and declared that it had resumed its struggle against the government.[22]
  3. ↑ Zangil served as commander of the SSDM/A – Cobra Faction since 2013 until he deserted with much of his troops to the SPLM-IO in 2015, forming the "Greater Pibor Forces".[19][20]
  4. ↑ Yau Yau led the SSDM/A – Cobra Faction in open opposition to the SPLM government until 2014, and in relatively peaceful autonomy until 2015, when much of his forces deserted to the SPLM-IO. In 2016, he and his remaining loyalists joined the SPLM.[19][21][34]

References

  1. ↑ "It wasn't a coup: Salva Kiir shot himself in the foot". South Sudan nation. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  2. ↑ Burke, Jason (12 July 2016). "South Sudan: is the renewed violence the restart of civil war?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  3. ↑ James Copnall (21 August 2014). "Ethnic militias and the shrinking state: South Sudan's dangerous path". African Arguments. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  4. 1 2 "Kiir's Dinka Forces Join SSLA Rebels". Chimpreports. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  5. ↑ Joseph Falzetta (28 January 2026). "South Sudan launches offensive against opposition forces: What to know". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  6. 1 2 Small Arms Survey (2014), p. 7.
  7. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 14, 17.
  8. 1 2 "South Sudan deploys more troops to Upper Nile as fighting intensifies". South Sudan News Agency. 9 February 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  9. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 7, 11, 14.
  10. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 10, 11, 20.
  11. 1 2 Craze, Tubiana & Gramizzi (2016), p. 160.
  12. ↑ "Ethiopian opposition leader denies supporting South Sudan against rebels". Sudan Tribune. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  13. ↑ Clottey, Peter (22 October 2015). "Uganda Begins Troop Withdrawal from South Sudan". VOA News. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  14. ↑ "Egypt supports South Sudan to secure Nile share". Al Monitor. 24 February 2015.
  15. 1 2 "United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan". UNMISS Facts and Figures. UN. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  16. ↑ "Mandate". United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
  17. ↑ "South Sudan oil town changes hands for fourth time. Why?". The Christian Science Monitor. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  18. 1 2 "South Sudan: 'White Army' militia marches to fight". USA Today. 28 December 2013.
  19. 1 2 3 "David Yau Yau surrenders Cobra-faction to a General linked to the SPLA-IO: Cobra-faction's splinter group". South Sudan News Agency. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
  20. 1 2 3 "Murle faction announces defection to S. Sudan rebels". 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  21. 1 2 "South Sudan's Boma state violence displaces hundreds". Sudan Tribune. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  22. 1 2 "Top Cobra Faction general defects from Kiir government". Radio Tamazuj. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Johnson Olony's forces prefer independent command in Upper Nile state". sudantribune.com. 17 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  24. 1 2 "Government Questions SPLM/A-IO About The Position Of Gen. Johnson Olony". gurtong. 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  25. 1 2 "The Conflict in Upper Nile". www.smallarmssurveysudan.org. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  26. ↑ "S. Sudan's Otuho rebels unveil objectives for armed struggle". Sudan Tribune. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  27. ↑ "South Sudan General Gathoth Gatkuoth explains to Karin Zeitvogel why he broke with Riek Machar". Voice of America. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  28. ↑ "Changson dismisses Gathoth Gatkuoth as FDP group splits over advance team to Juba". sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  29. ↑ "S. Sudan army in control of Wau town after heavy gunfire". sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  30. ↑ "S. Sudan rebels accuse government of backing Ethiopian rebels". Sudan Tribune. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  31. ↑ "South Sudan's president sacks army chief". The Daily Star. Lebanon. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  32. ↑ "South Sudan rebel leader sets out conditions for talks". Trust. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  33. ↑ Daniel Howden in Juba (23 December 2013). "South Sudan: the state that fell apart in a week". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  34. ↑ "Pibor's Yau Yau joins SPLM". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  35. ↑ "Another S Sudanese rebel commander killed near Sudan border". Radio Tamazuj. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  36. ↑ IISS 2015.
  37. ↑ "Major role for Ugandan army in South Sudan 'until the country is stable'". Radio Tamazuj. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  38. ↑ "South Sudan". The United Nations. CA. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  39. 1 2 "Pride and reverence reign as UNMISS celebrates International Day of UN Peacekeepers in South Sudan". UN. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  40. ↑ "South Sudan's army advances on rebels in Bentiu and Bor". BBC. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  41. ↑ "South Sudan rebels claim 700 government troops defect". The Daily Star. 6 February 2014.
  42. ↑ "South Sudan army advances on rebel towns before peace talks". Reuters. 2 January 2014.
  43. ↑ "South Sudan forces battle White Army". The Daily Star. LB. 29 December 2013.
  44. ↑ "Thousands of Machar-led fighters "defect" to new rebel group". Sudan Tribune. 29 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  45. ↑ "South Sudan army denies rebel capture of military base in Aweil". Sudan Tribune. 17 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  46. ↑ "South Sudan's military casualties top 20,000". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016.
  47. ↑ "South Sudan President Salva Kiir hits out at UN". BBC. 21 January 2014.
  48. ↑ "South Sudan rebels split, reject peace efforts". News. Yahoo. 11 August 2015.
  49. 1 2 "Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war". Reuters. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  50. ↑ "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General". United Nations. 10 February 2017.
  51. ↑ "4 Kenyans dead as South Sudan evacuation ends". KE: Capital FM. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.