List of heads of state of India

This is a list of the heads of state of India, from the time of independence of India in 1947 to present day. The current head of state of India is Droupadi Murmu, elected in 2022 after being nominated by the BJP and Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

From 1947 to 1950, the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was regarded as the king of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.

Grand Viziers of the Mughal Empire

Portrait Name Hindi Name Term of office Notable events Emperor
Amir Nizamuddin Khalifa अमीर निज़ामुद्दीन खलीफा 21 April 1526 17 May 1540 1st Battle of Panipat

Battle of Khanwa

 Babur (1526 – 1530)

& Humayun (1530 – 1540)

Qaracha Khan क़राचा खान 1540 ? He was a governor of Qandahar and Humayun appoint him as Grand-Vizier of the Mughal State. Humayun (1530 – 1556)
Bairam Khan[1] बैरम खान 1556 March/April 1560 Akbar-i-Azam
اکبر اعظم‎
(1556-1605)
Munim Khan मुनीम खान 1560 1561
Ataga Khan[2] अतागा खान November 1561 16 May 1562 He was assassinated by Adham Khan
Muzaffar Khan Turbati[3] मुज़फ़्फ़र ख़ान तुरबाती 1575 1579 No Vakil was appointed after his appointment to governorship in Bengal from 1579 until 1589
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak[4] अबू-फ़ज़ल इब्न मुबारक 1579 22 August 1602
Sharif Khan[1] शरीफ खान 1605 1611 Jahangir
جہانگیر‎
(1605-1627)
Mirza Ghias Beg[1] मिर्ज़ा ग़ियास बेग 1611 1622
Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan[1] अबुल-हसन आसफ खान 1622 1627/28


Shaikh Ilam-ud-Din Ansari[5] शेख इलम-उद-दीन अंसारी 1627 1628 (less than a year) Shah Jahan
شاہ جہان‎
(1628-1658)
Azam Khan[6] आजम खान 1628 1628
Afzal Khan Shirazi[1] अफ़ज़ल खान शिराज़ी 1628 1639
Islam Khan Mashadi[1] इस्लाम खान मशादी 1639 1645
Sadullah Khan[7] सादुल्लाह खान 1645 1656
Mir Jumla[8] मीर जुमला 1656 1657 Alamgir I
عالمگیر‎
(1658-1707)
Jafar Khan[9] जाफर खान 1657 1658
Fazil Khan[9] फ़ाज़िल खान 1658 1663
Jafar Khan[8] जाफर खान 1663 1670 [10]
Asad Khan[11] असद खान 1675 1707
  • Mughal–Maratha Wars
  • Anglo-Mughal War
Mun'im Khan Khan-i-Khanan[12] मुनीम खान खान-ए-खानान 1707 1711 Bahadur Shah I
بہادر شاہ‎
(1707-1712)
Hidayatullah Khan Kashmiri[13] हिदायतुल्लाह खान कश्मीरी 1711 1713 Jahandar Shah
جہاندار شاہ‎
(1712-1713)
Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung[14] ज़ुल्फ़िकार ख़ान नुसरत जंग 1712 1713
Mir Rustam Ali Khan[1] मीर रुस्तम अली खान 1710 1737 Farrukhsiyar
فرخ سیر‎
(1713–1719)
Qutb-ul-Mulk Abdullah Khan Barha[15] कुतुब-उल-मुल्क अब्दुल्ला खान बरहा 1713 1720
  • Mughal throne occupied by a series of puppet rulers under the Syed brothers.[16]
Muhammad Amin Khan Turani[15] मुहम्मद अमीन खान तुरानी 1720 1721 Muhammad Shah
محمد شاہ‎
(1719-1748)
Mir Qamar-ud-Din Khan Asaf Jah I[17] मीर कमर-उद-दीन खान आसफ जाह प्रथम 1721 1723
Roshan-ud Daula Zafar Khan Roshan-ud-Daulah Zafar Khan[18][19] रोशन-उद-दौला ज़फ़र ख़ान 1724 1733
Mir Fazil Qamar-ud-Din Khan मीर फ़ाज़िल क़मर-उद-दीन ख़ान 1733 1748
  • Battle of Bhopal
  • Nader Shah's invasion of Mughal Empire
  • Battle of Karnal
  • First invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani
  • Battle of Manupur (1748)
Safdar Jang[17] सफदर जंग 1748 1753
  • Second invasion of Ahmad Shai
  • Battle of Lahore (1752)
 Ahmad Shah Bahadur
احمد شاہ بہادر‎
(1748-1754)
Intizam-ud-Daulah[20] इंतिज़ाम-उद-दौला 1753 1754
Imad-ul-Mulk Feroze Jung[20] इमाद-उल-मुल्क फिरोज जंग 1754 1760 Alamgir II
عالمگیر دوم‎
(1754-1759)
Shuja ud-Daulah[21] शुजा उद-दौला 1760

1760

 1775

1784

 Shah Alam II
شاہ عالم دوم‎
(1760-1806)
Najaf Quli Khan[22] नजफ़ कुली खान 1772 1791

Peshwas of the Maratha Empire

Sr. Portrait Name Native Name Reign Began C.E. Reign Ended C.E.
1 Moropant Trimbak Pingle मोरोपंत त्रिम्बक पिंगले 1674 1683
2 Nilakanth Moreshvar Pingale नीलकंठ मोरेश्वर पिंगले 1683 1689
3 Ramchandra Pant Amatya रामचंद्र पंत अमात्य 1689 1708
4 Bahiroji Pingale बहिरोजी पिंगले 1708 1711
5 Parshuram Trimbak Kulkarni परशुराम त्र्यंबक कुलकर्णी 1711 1713
Balaji Vishwanath बालाजी विश्वनाथ 1713 1720
Baji Rao I बाजीराव प्रथम 1720 1740
Balaji Bajirao बालाजी बाजीराव 1740 1761
Madhav-Rao I माधवराव प्रथम 1761 1772
  Narayan-Rao नारायण राव 1772 1773
Raghunath-Rao रघुनाथ राव 1773 1774
Madhav-Rao II माधव राव द्वितीय 1774 1796
Baji Rao II बाजीराव द्वितीय 1796 1802
Amrut Rao[23][24] अमृत ​​राव 1802 1803
Baji Rao II बाजीराव द्वितीय 1803 1851
Nana Sahib नाना साहब 1851 1857

Monarch (1947–1950)

The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

№ Monarch
(birth–death)		 Portrait Reign Royal House Prime Minister Governor General
Reign start Reign end
1 King George VI
(1895–1952)		 15 August 1947 26 January 1950 Windsor Nehru Mountbatten
(1947–1948)
Rajagopalachari
(1948–1950)

Governor-General

The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.

№ Governor-General
(birth–death)		 Portrait Tenure Monarch Prime Minister
Took office Left office
1 The Rt. Hon. The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979)		 15 August 1947 21 June 1948 George VI Nehru
2 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
(1878–1972)		 21 June 1948 26 January 1950

President (1950–present)

This list is numbered based on presidents elected after winning an Indian presidential election. The terms of V. V. Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah and B. D. Jatti, who served as acting president, are therefore not numbered or counted as actual terms in office. The president of India does not represent any political party.



Portrait Name Term of office[25] Election Vice president Party
Rajendra Prasad Rajendra Prasad 26 January 1950 13 May 1962 12 years, 107 days 1952 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian National Congress
1957
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 5 years, 0 days 1962 Zakir Husain Independent
Zakir Husain† 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 1 year, 355 days 1967 V. V. Giri
V. V. Giri 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 78 days –
Mohammad Hidayatullah 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 35 days –
V. V. Giri 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 5 years, 0 days 1969 Gopal Swarup Pathak Independent
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed† 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 2 years, 171 days 1974 Gopal Swarup Pathak

B. D. Jatti

 Indian National Congress (R)
B. D. Jatti 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 164 days –
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 5 years, 0 days 1977 B. D. Jatti

Mohammad Hidayatullah

 Janata Party
Zail Singh 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 5 years, 0 days 1982 Mohammad Hidayatullah

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

 Indian National Congress (I)
Ramaswamy Venkataraman 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 5 years, 0 days 1987 Shankar Dayal Sharma
Shankar Dayal Sharma Shankar Dayal Sharma 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 5 years, 0 days 1992 K. R. Narayanan
K. R. Narayanan 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 5 years, 0 days 1997 Krishan Kant
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 5 years, 0 days 2002 Krishan Kant

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

 Independent
Pratibha Patil 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 5 years, 0 days 2007 Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress
Pranab Mukherjee 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 5 years, 0 days 2012
Ram Nath Kovind 25 July 2017 25 July 2022 5 years, 0 days 2017 Hamid Ansari

Venkaiah Naidu

 Bharatiya Janata Party
Droupadi Murmu 25 July 2022 Incumbent 3 years, 339 days 2022 Venkaiah Naidu

Jagdeep Dhankhar

C. P. Radhakrishnan

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cite error: The named reference auto1 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  2. ↑ Collier, Dirk (March 1, 2016). The Great Mughals and their India. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 9789384544980 – via Google Books.
  3. ↑ Satish Chandra (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 136. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.
  4. ↑ Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield (1998). The Human Record: To 1700. Houghton Mifflin. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-395-87087-7. Abul Fazl(1551-1602), the emperor's chief advisor and confidant from 1579 until Abul Fazl's assassination at the instigation of Prince Salim, the future Emperor Jahangir(r. 1605-1627)
  5. ↑ Abraham Richard Fuller (1990). The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan). University of Michigan. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-19-562489-2.
  6. ↑ Abraham Richard Fuller (1990). The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan). University of Michigan. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-19-562489-2.
  7. ↑ Adolf Simon Waley (1927). The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian : the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add. 30,777). Constable.
  8. 1 2 Indian Institute of Public Administration (1976). The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22. The Institute.
  9. 1 2 Indian History Congress - Proceedings: Volume 42. Indian History Congress. 1981.
  10. ↑ Indian History Congress Proceedings: Volume 42. Indian History Congress. 1981.
  11. ↑ Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005). Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. University of Michigan. ISBN 0195798376.
  12. ↑ Kaicker, Abhishek (3 Feb 2020). The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190070687.
  13. ↑ William Irvine (1971). Later Mughals. p. 128.
  14. ↑ John F. Richards, The New Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 262
  15. 1 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2009). Britannica Guide to India. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1593398477.
  16. ↑ C. K. Srinivasan (1962). Baji Rao I, the Great Peshwa. p. 22.
  17. 1 2 Disha Experts (17 Dec 2018). The History Compendium for IAS Prelims General Studies Paper 1 & State PSC Exams 3rd Edition. Disha Publications. ISBN 978-9388373036.
  18. ↑ Praveen Kumar (2017). Complete Indian History for IAS Exam. Educreation Publishing. p. 267.
  19. ↑ Satish Chandra (1999). Medieval India: Mughal Empire, 1526-1748. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-0522-1.
  20. 1 2 Khwaja, Sehar. "Fosterage and Motherhood in the Mughal Harem: Intimate Relations and the Political System in Eighteenth-Century India." Social Scientist 46, no. 5-6 (2018): 39-60. Accessed August 7, 2020. doi:10.2307/26530803.
  21. ↑ Bhatia, O. P. Singh (1968). History of India, from 1707 to 1856. Surjeet Book Depot.
  22. ↑ Rima Hooja (2006). A History of Rajasthan. the University of Michigan. p. 737. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.
  23. ↑ Wg Cdr (Retd.) Dr. M. S. Narawane, Battles of the Honourable East India Company. p. 65
  24. ↑ Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire:1789–1803. p. 179
  25. ↑ "The President of India". presidentofindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
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