Goose bumps

Goose bumps, also called goose pimples in British English, are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may appear when someone is tickled, cold, or feeling strong emotions.[1][2] Goose bumps happen because of a reflex called piloerection. Tiny muscles in the skin, called arrector pili, become tight and pull hairs upright.[3] Many mammals have this reflex, for example, porcupines,[4] which raise their quills when in danger, or sea otters when they spot sharks or other predators.

References

  1. ↑ McPhetres, Jonathon; Zickfeld, Janis H. (2022-09-01). "The physiological study of emotional piloerection: A systematic review and guide for future research" (PDF). International Journal of Psychophysiology. 179: 6–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.06.010. ISSN 0167-8760. PMID 35764195. S2CID 250058771.
  2. ↑ McPhetres, Jonathon (2024-08-15). "Diverse stimuli induce piloerection and yield varied autonomic responses in humans". Biology Open. 13 (8) bio060205. doi:10.1242/bio.060205. ISSN 2046-6390. PMC 11391818. PMID 38989667.
  3. ↑ "What goosebumps are for | National Institutes of Health (NIH)". www.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-10-28.
  4. ↑ Chapman, David M.; Roze, Uldis (1997-01-01). "Functional histology of quill erection in the porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 75 (1): 1–10. Bibcode:1997CaJZ...75....1C. doi:10.1139/z97-001. ISSN 0008-4301.
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