Antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease. In this disease, the body's immune system makes antibodies that increase the risk of blood clots. These antibodies are called antiphospholipid antibodies^[1][2], and other symptoms like low platelets, kidney disease, heart disease, and rash. Although the exact cause of APS is still not clear, genetics is believed to play a key role in the development of the disease.^[3] .

APS can cause blood clots in veins and arteries. Common problems include deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs, pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs), and stroke. People with APS may also have low platelet counts, heart valve problems, or a skin rash called livedo reticularis, which looks like a purple net-like pattern on the skin.

APS can also affect pregnancy. It can cause repeated miscarriages, stillbirths, premature birth, and other problems related to the placenta. Women are affected more often than men, especially during their childbearing years.

The exact cause of APS is not fully understood. It may occur on its own (primary APS) or together with another autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Doctors diagnose APS using both medical history and blood tests^[4]. The antibodies must be found in the blood on two tests at least 12 weeks apart.

There is no cure for APS, but treatment can reduce the risk of blood clots. Medicines such as warfarin^[5], heparin, and aspirin are commonly used. During pregnancy, heparin and aspirin are often given together to help prevent miscarriage.

A rare and severe form of the disease, called catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS), can cause blood clots in many organs at the same time and may be life-threatening.